Addition: (1, 2) + (3, 4) and subtraction: (7, 4) - (5, 6)

Distance formula: distance along X-axis from (0, 0) to (1, 0), distance along Y-axis from (0, 0) to (0, 2), distance from (0, 0) to (3, 4), and distance between two points (4, 7) to (-1, -5)

The minimum of (0, 0) and (1, 1) and the minimum of (3, 2) and (1, 5). The maximum of (0, 0) and (1, 1) and the maximum of (3, 2) and (1, 5).

Constrain within two points: Given (0, 0) and (10, 10) constrain (-1, -1), (11, 11), (-1, 11), and (4, 6). Reversing the constraints also works: constrain (-1, 11) and (4, 6)